a system for continuous estimating and monitoring cardiac output via arterial waveform analysis

background: cardiac output (co) is the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute and is a function of heart rate and stroke volume. co is one of the most important parameters for monitoring cardiac function, estimating global oxygen delivery and understanding the causes of high blood pressure. hence, measuring co has always been a matter of interest to researchers and clinicians. several methods have been developed for this purpose, but a majority of them are either invasive, too expensive or need special expertise and experience. besides, they are not usually risk free and have consequences. objective: here, a semi-invasive system was designed and developed for continuous co measurement via analyzing and processing arterial pulse waves.  results: quantitative evaluation of developed co estimation system was performed using 7 signals. it showed that it has an acceptable average error of (6.5%) in estimating co. in addition, this system has the ability to consistently estimate this parameter and to provide a co versus time curve that assists in tracking changes of co. moreover, the system provides such curve for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, average blood pressure, heart rate and stroke volume. conclusion: evaluation of the results showed that the developed system is capable of accurately estimating co. the curves which the system provides for important parameters may be valuable in monitoring hemodynamic status of high-risk surgical patients and critically ill patients in intensive care units (icu). therefore, it could be a suitable system for monitoring hemodynamic status of critically ill patients.